A Universe of Sorts

§ Finite topologies and DFS numbering

In this great math overflow question on How to think about non hausdorff topologies in the finite case, there's an answer that encourages us to think of them as preorders, which are basically graphs. I wanted to understand this perspective, as well as connect it to DFS numbers, since they provide a nice way to embed these topologies into

\mathbb R

§ Closure axioms of topology

We can axiomatize a topology using the kurotawski closure axioms. We need an idempotent monotonic function

c: 2^X \rightarrow 2^X

which satisfies some technical conditions. Formally:

$c(\emptyset) = \emptyset)$ [ $c$ is a strict function: it takes bottoms to bottoms]
$A \subseteq c(A)$ . [monotonicity]
$c$ is idempotent: $c(c(A)) = c(A)$ . [idempotence]
for all $A, B$ in $X$ , $c(A \cup B) = c(A) \cup c(B)$ .

Under this, a set is closed if it is a fixed point of

c

: That is, a set

A

is closed iff

c(A) = A

§ Slight weakening into Single axiom version

Interestingly, this also gives a single axiom version of topological axioms, something that maybe useful for machine learning. The single axiom is that for all

A, B \subseteq X

A \cup c(A) \cup c(C(B)) \subseteq c(A \cup B)

. This does not provide that

c(\emptyset) = \emptyset

, but it does provide the other axioms [2-4].

§ Continuous functions

A function is continuous iff

f(c(A)) \subseteq c'(f(A))

for every

A \in X

. TODO: give examples of why this works, and why we need

(\subseteq)

and not just

(eq)

§ Finite topologies as preorders

We draw an arrow

x \rightarrow y

iff

x \in Closure(y)

. Alternatively stated, draw an arrow iff

Closure(x) \subseteq Closure(y)

. That is, we have an injection from the closure of

x

into the closure of

y

, and the arrow represents the injection. Alternatively, we can think of this as ordering the elements

x

by "information". A point

x

has less information than point

y

if its closure has fewer points.

§ T0 in terms of closure:

$X$ is $T_0$ iff for points $p, q \in X$ , we have an open set $O$ which containsone of the points but not the other. Formally,either $p \in O \land q \not \in O$ , or $p \not \in O \land q \in O$ .
Example of a $T_0$ space is the sierpinski space.Here, we have the open set $\{ \bot \}$ by considering the computationf(thunk) = force(thunk). For more on this perspective, see [Topology isreally about computation ](#topology-is-really-about-computation--part-1).This open set contains only $\bot$ and not $\top$ .
Closure definition: $X$ is $T_0$ iff $x \neq y \implies c(\{x\}) \neq c(\{y\})$

§ T1 in terms of closure:

$X$ is $T_1$ iff for all $p, q$ in $X$ , we have open sets $U_p, U_q$ such that $U_p, U_q$ are open neighbourhoods of $p, q$ which do not contain the "other point".Formally, we need $p \in U_p$ and $q \not \in U_p$ , and similarly $q \in U_q$ and $p \not \in U_q$ .That is, $U_p$ and $U_q$ can split $p, q$ apart, but $U_p$ and $U_q$ need notbe disjoint.
Example of $T_1$ is the zariski/co-finite topology on $\mathbb Z$ , wherethe open sets are complements of finite sets. Given two integers $p, q$ , use theopen sets as the complements of the closed finite sets $U_p = \{q\}^C = \mathbb Z - q$ , and $U_q = \{p\}^C = \mathbb Z - p$ . These separate $p$ and $q$ ,but have huge intersection: $U_p \cap U_q = Z - \{ p, q\}$ .
Closure definition: $X$ is $T_1$ iff $c(\{x\}) = \{x\}$ .
T1 has all singleton sets as closed

§ Haussdorf (T2) in terms of closure

$X$ ix $T_1$ iff for all $p, q$ in $X$ , we have open set $U_p, U_q$ such thatthey are disjoint ( $U_p \cap U_q = \emptyset$ ) and are neighbourhoods of $p$ , $q$ : $p \in U_p$ and $q \in U_q$ .
Example of a $T_2$ space is that of the real line, where any two points $p, q$ can be separated with epsilon balls with centers $p, q$ and radii $(p - q) / 3$ .
Closure definition: $X$ is $T_2$ iff $x \neq y$ implies there is a set $A \in 2^X$ such that $x \not \in c(A) \land y \not \in c(X - A)$ where $X - A$ is the set complement.

§ Relationship between DFS and closure when the topology is $T0$

If the topology is

T0

, then we know that the relation will be a poset, and hence the graph will be a DAG. Thus, whenever we have

x \rightarrow y

, we will get

§ Finite topologies and DFS numbering

§ Closure axioms of topology

§ Slight weakening into Single axiom version

§ Continuous functions

§ Finite topologies as preorders

§ T0 in terms of closure:

§ T1 in terms of closure:

§ Haussdorf (T2) in terms of closure

§ Relationship between DFS and closure when the topology is $T0$

§ DFS: the T0 case

§ DFS: the back edges

§ Finite topologies and DFS numbering

§ Closure axioms of topology

§ Slight weakening into Single axiom version

§ Continuous functions

§ Finite topologies as preorders

§ T0 in terms of closure:

§ T1 in terms of closure:

§ Haussdorf (T2) in terms of closure

§ Relationship between DFS and closure when the topology is T0T0T0

§ DFS: the T0 case

§ DFS: the back edges

§ Relationship between DFS and closure when the topology is $T0$